Ethical Philosophies and the Hippocratic Physician :: Philosophy Medicine

Ethical Philosophies and the Hippocratic Physician Twenty four centuries ago, Hippocrates created the profession of medicine, for the first time in human history separating and refining the art of healing from primitive superstitions and religious rituals. His famous Oath forged medicine into what the Greeks called a technik, a craft requiring the entire person of the craftsman, an art that, according to Socrates in his dialogue Gorgias, involved virtue in the soul and spirit as well as the hands and brain. Yet Hippocrates made medicine more than a craft; he infused it with an intrinsic moral quality, creating a â€Å"union of medical skill and the integrity of the person [physician]† (Cameron, 2001). So, how do we who are aspire to be Hippocratic physicians achieve this goal? First we must look at the foundations for our personal ethical frameworks through meta-ethics. Meta-ethics refers to the systems by which we establish morals and ethical principles. Today there are many philosophies of meta-ethics, divided into two basic categories, moral absolutivism and moral relativism (Lawhead, 2000). The difference between these is in the nature of ethical principles, whether subjective or objective. Say something exists objectively, like a vase on a table. The subject’s perception of the vase must conform to the true vase. If, however, the subject is simply thinking about a vase, that vase exists subjectively, and its properties are contingent to the subject’s contemplations. So, how do these differing systems affect the physician in attaining the Hippocratic ideal? Let us first consider relativism. To the Moral Relativist, moral principles are created within cultures and communities, coming from cultural folkways and mores (Gerson Moreno-Riaà ±o, personal communication). These principles are normative only in the culture which created them. Already, the Hippocratic Oath loses its moral weight. For example, in the 1973 Roe v. Wade abortion, Justice Blackmun dismissed the centuries-long Hippocratic tradition as merely a â€Å"Pythagorean manifesto,† relegating it to minority status (Cameron, 2001). However, relativism does not end here. If moral principles are defined by cultures, how does one define a culture? If a social scientist were to dissect cultures into subcultures, and then divide those as well, he could logically continue making â€Å"cultural distinctions† until he comes to individuals as separate cultures. As a culture of one, each individual by relativism’s definition creates his own moral principles. This could be called ethical egoism (David Mills, personal communication). As logical conclusion extension of relativism, ethical egoism creates a world of moral lone rangers, with no one responsible to answer to any other.

Lincoln, the Movie

At the beginning of the movie we see Lincoln talking to two African Americans who served in the war, and they went on to say that they loved his speech and one of them even quoted the end of his speech. This movie shows us how much we need rescuing. According to Spielberg, Lincoln and his contemporaries debated the moral merits of ending slavery now or ending the war now. Lincoln was gaining and losing votes. People are looking at it as this: if African Americans are given rights then women are next and people do not want that.A man had said that if we give African Americans the freedom then they are going to want more. Lincoln does not know that there are bribes being made in order to get 20 votes from the representatives. Lincoln is trying his hardest to keep going. Not only is there this problem but family is getting in the way. The south are against everything Lincoln stands for. Some believe that passing the amendment; the war will stop while others think otherwise. Lincoln beli eves that the war is almost done with. He believes that the amendment will pass and he won’t stop until it does.People have given up on him while others keep on fighting with him. Lincoln tells stories that have a moral to go along with what is going on. Lincoln may be known for a lot of things but the most important thing was freeing the slaves. He didn’t have much schooling but he specks so wise and has a lot of knowledge. This movie shows how one man made the biggest difference with his actions and words. People were against him but are now seeing that Lincoln is willing to keep pushing forward. Of course god is used in the debate saying that African Americans shouldn’t have freedom.The south is fighting against Lincoln and not giving up. My favorite quote is one that is used to this day. â€Å"All men are created equal. † Lincoln is an honest man and even visited war heroes in the hospital. Lincoln’s son believes that it is better for him to go to war but Lincoln doesn’t want that. There is a lot on tense between Lincoln and his wife since losing Willy. Mrs. Lincoln thinks that she is going to lose her son once he joins the war. Lincoln goes to see those who are helping him get the democratic vote.His wife has a break down talking about how Lincoln could have sent her to the loony pin after losing her youngest son. Lincoln thinks that the amendment is the cure for the war. People are telling him to give up, to not change the constitution. The day of the vote, African Americans are welcome to what is called their house. The democrats are changing their minds from no to yes. To end the movie on a sad note, the president was shot. Saturday April 15. Such a great lost from a man who gave the African Americans their freedom.Also at the end, Lincoln is giving a speech. He had deep depression, even though he would frequently tell stories and jokes to friends and family. Lincoln, one week before his death, had a dream of s omeone crying in the White House, when he found the room; he looked in and asked who had passed away. The man in the room said the President. When he looked in the coffin it was his own face he saw. His party was Republican and he was president for four years from 1861-1865, when he was assassinated. In 1844 Lincoln formed a legal partnership with William Herndon.The two men worked well together and shared similar political views. Herndon later claimed that he was instrumental in changing Lincoln's views on slavery. Lincoln's continued to build up his legal work and in 1850 obtained the important role as the attorney for the Illinois Central Railroad. He also defended the son of a friend, William Duff Armstrong, who had been charged with murder. Lincoln successfully undermined the testimony of the prosecution's star witness, Charles Allen, and Armstrong was found not guilty.

To what extent was the vietnam war part of the cold war

To what extent was the Vietnam War part of the Cold War? The Vietnam war was a cold war-era mllltary conflict In southeast Asia. conflict officially began on November 1st In 1955 and ended on April 30th 1975 with the fall of Saigon. With that it lasted nearly 20 years, which makes it one of the longest military conflicts ever In human history. The war was fought between the communistic North Vietnamese and the Anti-communlsuc south. The north was supported by various nations, including the Soviet union, China, Cuba, Bulgaria and any others.The south, which was supposedly the by far weaker army, was also supported by a number of countries, the US, South Korea, Australia, Spain and Thailand are only a few of the numerous supporters ot the South. The main problem in the war for the Anti-Communist forces was the Vietcong. which was a lightly armed south Vietnamese communist Guerrilla which was hard to fght, especially for the heavily armed US army. The Vietcong dug complicated tunnel sys tems and trenches to fight the US In to them unknown territory.The Vietcong referred this Guerrilla warfare in the rainforests to open battle. The Vietcong also used traps, mines and their knowledge of the region to bring a whole load of trouble upon the US troops. This resulted in heavy bombing raids by the US Air force, this was widely criticised around the whole world as it was seen as a breach of the human rights that the US bombed North Vietnam with napalm bombs. In total, more bombs were dropped on North Vietnam during the Vietnam War than on Germany in the Second World War!In 1968 the Guerrilla warfare stopped and during the national Tet holiday (from hich the attack got its name: Tet offensive) the North Vietnamese army started an assault against over 100 Vietnamese Cities, including the US embassy in Saigon. Although the Anti-communist forces were Initially driven back, they were quick to recover and struck back Immediately, decimating the ranks of the North Vietnamese Viet nam was the battlefield where the cold war was actually really fought, not only talked about or empty threats being thrown at each other. The united States used Vietnam to blow an attack against Communism in the world.Extinguishing communism was the major goal of the United States in the cold war and in Vietnam they had the perfect region to attack. The US and the Soviet union did not dare to attack each other directly. that is why they fought their war, also if not directly, in the muddy forests of Vietnam. None of them had the courage or the means to enter a direct conflict against the other, one tOf2 conflict during the cold war was not directly between the US and the Soviets as the Soviets only supported the North Vietnam army with money, ammunition and weapons.A direct intervening from the Soviets would probably have ended in a 3rd World War as many nations were already involved in the war in Vietnam and the US could not let a direct Soviet attack unpunished. With that, it was better for the rest of the world that the Soviet Union did not directly involve itself in the fighting. A widely discussed topic is the outcome of the Vietnam War. According to various American sourcesl the Vietnam War was won by the US when they finally left the country in 1975.It is though generally known that the North Vietnamese won the war, hey took the capital of the south; Saigon, on April 30th 1975 and with that won the war. The South Vietnamese army was defeated and left with a total of 800,00 casualties (military and civilian). The US had a total of 58,220 dead soldiers; additional 303,644 soldiers were wounded. The Anti-Communist army had a total of 670,000-1 casualties whereas the North Vietnamese had about 600,000-1 losses. Concluding, the Vietnam War was a huge, if not the major, part of the Cold War.

The effects of Performance on Audience

Music soothes and relaxes the mind of audiences. It is one way of showcasing talent and at the same time give entertainment. An exquisite performance can eventually bring audiences to a moment of joy or sorrow. It depends upon the performer’s capability and musical knowledge. One can easily transform a beautiful mood into something bad when the performance is atrocious. On the other hand a pleasant performance can negate the sadness and anger of an audience. A good performance is not only the ability to convey the music’s notated structure but also the emotional metadata of the piece. Overall performance is assessed by how the audience goes out of the performance hall. If they go out wearing a smile, it means that the performance was a success. On the contrary, crumpled faces of the audiences will mean failure of the performance. It is vital for performers to know who their target audiences are. This way the chances of having negative outcome will be prevented. The performance will also determine if the quality of music and the message that the performer wanted to imply is grasp wholeheartedly by the audience. The goal of every performance is to catch the audience attention and at the same time absorb the theme or message as a whole. Although there are performance for a cause, the main point of having a performance is to keep the crowd alive and in union with the performer. A boring performance will eventually lead to audience walk out. It is also important for the performance to be adaptive to the audience. This way the listener’s musical interest is kept intact. The effects of performing on audience also boost the confidence and moral of the performer. A performer who stands in front of a crowd lively and intelligently assures that the flow of the performance is best. More audiences may trigger the performer’s nervousness and stage fright but this is the usual feeling of performers. After having performed many times, the performer will get use with the feeling and sees himself/herself not afraid anymore. Performing on audience also helps in looking for positive and negative traits of the performer. It will be based on the feed backs after the show which is given by jurors if it is a competition or by critics if it is just a program, concert r performance. Over all the effect of performing on audience is to know what makes the performer stand out and what needs to be improved. A performer’s attitude is also seen when performing before audiences. This is on how he/she relates with the kind of crowd. There are instances that the performance is held on a strange place and it is for the performer to adjust to the environment and continue the show without getting distracted and keeping his/her focus. Regardless of who your audiences are, you are compelled to perform with the best of your abilities. Performers often finds themselves having goose bumps and cold feelings upon seeing audiences but then it will also make them more motivated to perform. Performing also inhibits positivism on the performance and the perception of musical expression by the performer.

Chapter 9 Review Questions Essay

Chapter 9 Review Questions 1. What is magnetism? 2. Torque is ________. 3. A magnetic field is _________. 4. True or False: A permanent magnet is a piece of material that has been magnetized and can hold its magnetic strength for a reasonable length of time. 5. How is an electromagnet produced? 6. Which of the following produces the best electromagnet? 7. Unlike poles of a magnet _________each other and like poles_________ each other. 8. What part does polarity play in the operation of an electric motor? 9. What part of a motor produces an inductive magnetic field within itself to facilitate the rotating motion? 10. What part does the frequency of alternating current play in the operation of an electric motor? 11. What would be the speed of a two pole motor operating on a 120 Volts 60 Hz power supply? 12. What are the five types of single phase motors used in the industry? 13. Which of the following correctly lists the motor’s starting torque from lowest to highest? 14. Which of the following is a common use of a shaded-pole motor? 15. How does a shaded-pole motor operate? 16. How can a shaded-pole motor be reversed? 17. What determines the rotation of a shaded-pole motor? 18. Draw a diagram of a three-speed, shaded-pole motor. 19. What enables a split-phase motor to develop enough torque to begin rotation? 20. What removes the starting winding from the electrical circuit of an open type split phase motor once it reaches 75% of its operating speed? 21. What are the three probable areas of trouble in a split-phase motor? 22. What is the unit of measurement for the strength of a capacitor? 23. What is the purpose of a capacitor? 24. What is the difference between a running and a running and a starting capacitor? 25. List the five capacitor replacement rules. 26. Explain the operation of a permanent split-capacitor motor. 27. How are a PSC motor and a capacitor start capacitor-run motor similar? 28. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the following types of motors? 29. What are the similarities between an open-type split-phase motor and a capacitor-start motor? 30. Which of the following is an advantage in using a three-phase motor? 31. Draw a wiring diagram of a capacitor start-capacitor-run motor. 32. True or False: All starting apparatuses are mounted externally to the hermetic compressor shell. 33. What is the process in troubleshooting any electric motor? 34. Which of the following is the capacitance of an 88 uF and a 108 uF starting capacitor connected in series? 35. Which of the following is the capacitance of two 20 uF running capacitors connected in parallel? 36. If a capacitor produces 15A on a 240 volt supply, which of the following is its microfarad rating? 37. Which of the following capacitors could be used to replace a 35 uF, 370 running capacitor? 38. Which of the following capacitors could be used to replace a 188 uF, 250 V starting capacitor? 39. Which of the following capacitors or combination of capacitors could be used to re place a 45 uF, 370 V running capacitor? 40. Which of the following capacitors or combination of capacitors could be used to replace an 88 uF, 250 V starting capacitor? 41. Find the common, start, and run terminals of the following hermetic compressors. A. B. C. 42. Briefly explain the procedure for troubleshooting hermetic compressor motors. 43. What are the electrical failure categories for hermetic compressor motors? 44. What precautions should be taken when checking hermetic compressor motors? 45. What would be the highest allowable resistance reading for a grounded compressor motor? 46. What are the advantages of using an electronically commutated motor over a PSC motor? 47. Explain the construction of an ECM. 48. An ECM is a ______________. 49. True or False: The resistance readings of the windings of a properly operating ECM should be equal. 50. True or False: The line voltage power supply of an ECM should be disconnected or connected with the power on.

Theology paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theology paper - Essay Example Feuerbach and Marx dismissed God and His expression in religion to be an illusory of projections of what is lacking in man. Feuerbach argued that God is really just a dream of the human mind, an illusion that became sacred, a projection of man’s unfulfilled desires. For Feuerbach, the idea of God’s magnificence is just a projection of man’s failure to realize its full potential and His holiness is just man’s expression of guilt towards his sin. In a way, Feuerbach believed that God is just a defense mechanism of man’s inadequacy and his attempt to fill it through the idea of God. Marx, shares many of Feuerbach’s argument that God is just an illusion and projection. But Marx went as far as dismissing God and religion as an â€Å"opium† that impedes development. And for man and society to progress, that opium has to be removed. For Marx, God is not only non-existent, but He is also an inconvenience and a stumbling block towards progress that needs to removed. Freud argued his skepticism on the existence of God according to his expertise in psychoanalysis. But his argument is still consistent with Feuerbach â€Å"illusory and projection† argument. ... An intelligent man who is predisposed to reason and logic goes beyond the physical evidence to believe that there is God. By just looking around, he would realize that there is a Supreme Being, a Supreme Intelligence who created it all. He knew that everything in this universe is made of a single element of carbon and there must be Somebody greater than man who created it. But merely believing on the existence of God by sheer faith renders that belief not only vulnerable but also unreasonable thus can easily be dismissed. It has to be supported by reason not only to convince, but to establish God’s existence according to the language of an intelligent man, which is reason. There were philosophers who established God’s existence through reason. Among them were Anselm, St. Aquinas, and the great scientist, Blaise Pascal. Anselm ontological premises raised the first argument on the existence of God. His argument purports to a priori proof of God’s existence which is independent of any proof or observation. He argued that because God is God, His existence does not need to be validated by experience to justify that He exists. He concludes that because there is nothing that exists to be greater than God, then it is unimaginable to think that there is no God. St. Aquinas took a different route from Anselm in explaining the existence of God. He was a cleric but he argued God’s existence from the point of view of reason. For St. Aquinas, he posited that God’s existence can be known without relying on mere faith and the Scripture because God’ existence is not self-evident but has to be argued. He argued that God does exist but the mode of knowing should be proportional to what is being observed. Man, being just a created being, cannot be proportionate

Arbitral Ammunity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Arbitral Ammunity - Assignment Example Arbitral immunity is imperative for effective decisions of arbitrators. An arbitrator or any organization acting in similar capacity is protected from civil litigation in the same way judges of courts of law enjoy immunity for acting in a judicial manner. The protection from liability accorded by common law supplements any protections under written laws as well as international bodies of law (Bricker, 2013). In light of this, an arbitrator’s failure to declare his or her role does not make him or her vulnerable to liability under the law. In addition, in judicial, organizational, or similar cases, an arbitrator or agent of an arbitration body is not normally competent to give evidence, and is likely to be exempted from producing records in respect of any statement, behavior, verdict, or relief occurring in the course of the arbitration process in as much the same way as a judicial officer carrying out his or her judicial duties (McClure, & Freehills, 2013). Regardless, immunity could be lifted in the event that a member of the arbitration panel, arbitration body, or an agent of an arbitration body provided the conduct of the arbitrator, the body, or legal representative strongly borders on misconduct (Mettler, 2008). In addition, arbitral immunity may be lost if a court finds that the arbitrator, his or her organization, or an agent of the organization is incompetent. Otherwise, courts are mandated to award reasonable compensation to any arbitrators or an organization that has been unfairly targeted by civil liability cases in balancing the interests of both parties (American Arbitration Association, 2010). Considerable debate on the parameters of immunity to members of various arbitration panels and their agents took center stage in the run up to the revision of the United Nations Commission on International Trade and Law (UNCITRAL)